The CIFRE (Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche) scheme brings together three partners in a research project: a company, a doctoral student and a research laboratory. The doctoral student is recruited and employed by the company for a minimum of three years under a private law contract. During this period, he or she will carry out full-time research work on a subject that is of interest to the company, the laboratory and the candidate. The company is subsidized by the ministry in charge of higher education. The hiring salary cannot be less than 23 484 € gross per year.